Andorra

Andorra's origins are believed to trace back to Charlemagne, with its early governance under the Count of Urgell. The polity of Andorra was formally established by a charter in 1278, existing as a lordship within the Principality of Catalonia for centuries. A pivotal agreement in 1278 and 1288 established the unique co-principality system, dividing authority between the Bishop of Urgell and the Count of Foix. This arrangement, remarkably, continues to this day, making Andorra a unique political entity. Today, the co-princes are the Bishop of Urgell and the President of France, representing a blend of historical and contemporary influences.