Kingdom of Spain

Spain's history is marked by a complex interplay of cultures, beginning with the Iberians and Celts before Roman rule transformed the peninsula into Hispania. The Visigoths subsequently established a kingdom, followed by the Umayyad Caliphate's centuries-long presence, known as Al-Andalus, which fostered significant advancements in science and the arts. The Reconquista, a gradual Christian reconquest, culminated in 1492 with the fall of Granada and the unification of Spain under the Catholic Monarchs. This era also saw the beginning of Spain's Golden Age, fueled by exploration and colonization of the Americas, establishing a vast empire.